Global Warming Essay example - 953 Words

Global Warming Global warming is an increase in the earths temperature due to fossil fuels, industry, and agricultural processes caused by human, natural, and other gas emissions. (Melissa Phillips). This results in an increased emission of greenhouse gases. (Caroline Quatman). Short-wave solar radiation sinks into the Earths atmosphere and warms its surface; while longwave infrared radiation emitted by earths surface is absorbed, and then re-emitted by trace gases. (Brent C. Willhoite) Climate changes occur in our earths atmosphere due to a buildup of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases can occur naturally as well as a result of human activities. (Melissa Phillips). Problems can occur when higher concentrations of greenhouse†¦show more content†¦These gases trap heat and cause the greenhouse effect, rising global temperatures.(Heidi Sterrett). Human activities add to the levels of these gasses, causing more problems. The burning of solid waste, fossil fuels, and wood products are major causes. Automobiles, heat from homes and businesses, and factories are responsible for about 80% of todays carbon dioxide emissions, 25% of methane, and 20% of the nitrous oxide emissions. The increase in agriculture, deforestation, landfills, industrial production, and mining contribute a significant share of emissions too The gases released into the atmosphere are tracked by emission inventories. An emission inventory counts the amount of air pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. These emission inventories are used by many organizations. NASA and meteorologists also use them.(Heidi Sterrett). The Centers for Disease Control have been involved in studying global warmings effect on human health. Global warming is a danger to a humans health. Its affect on climate can adversely affect humans. Plagues have been attributed to global warming. An increase in temperature can result in a longer life cycle for diseases or the agents spreading them. Living in a warm area makes egg production a quicker process. Global warming will lead to more precipitation, which enables infectious diseases to be more easily contracted and spread.Show MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And The Warming1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming has become a well conversed topic among scientists and peoples in the world today. There are extremists who do everything possible to stop contributing to the warming, but the average person does little to alleviate the issue and in many cases refuses to acknowledge that there is a problem at all. Dating back to millions of years ago, even before humanity was born, the w orld has always experienced one form or another of warming; so the warming seen today is not as bizarre as many mayRead MoreGlobal Warming And The Warming1353 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming With it being the presidential election season the talk of global warming, also known as climate change has come up in conversation more. But should it be associated with whether you are republican or democrat? Global warming should not be rather you â€Å"believe† in because it is a stated fact. The definition by Oxford Dictionary declares that global warming is a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth s atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect causedRead MoreThe Warming And Global Warming1442 Words   |  6 PagesThe Warming World Around Us The world is warming and we cannot deny it, the longer we deny the larger the problem it will become. Global warming is affecting the world economy, the overall health of the population, and most importantly the environment that surrounds us. Ignoring this problem will not just make it suddenly disappear; the world has to make an effort to stop it while it can still be maintained. Accepting the fact that it is happening is just the first step, the next step is takingRead MoreGlobal Warming1677 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the eyes of most scientists, global warming is seen as a very serious and severe threat. The actions taken by humans, such as industry and consumption of fossil fuels plus the increase in population and agriculture have played a big part in global warming. If something is not done soon the results could be very bad. By the middle of the twenty first century, there is evidence that the Earth will be warmer than it has been at any time in human history, and quite possibly since theRead MoreGlobal Warming1410 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming was first mentioned by ‘Svante August Arrhenius in 1896’, but in ‘1753, Joseph Black discovered carbon dioxide’ and in ‘1827, Jean-Batiste Fourier suggested that atmospheric effect kept the earth warmer than it would otherwise be’, (Direct.gov. n.d. A history of climate change). Since this time, reports, and study have be done with graphs to show the impact of global warming and what could happen to our planet. In 1979, the first conference was held this was called ‘International climateRead MoreGlobal Warming1245 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming The major threat of today’s world is global warming. Due to various reasons global warming turns out to be a serious issue in the last few years. Today people believe in global warming while this concept was not so much believed and people interpreted in some other meanings what was happening in the past. Global warming is amplification in the temperature of earth because of industrial pollution, fossil fuels, and agricultural practices caused by human being, other and natural gasRead MoreGlobal Warming1316 Words   |  6 PagesControversy over Global Warming One of the largest argued topics in our world today is over global warming. People argue that is real, and others argue that it is fake. The effects of global warming create a growing danger for the ecosystem we live in by damaging glaciers and weather patterns. Humans contribute to global warming yet non-believers will think otherwise. Global warming is the greatest challenge facing our planet. According to the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change) mostRead Moreglobal warming1539 Words   |  7 Pagesof global climate over long periods of time. Climate model projections made by the US Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) show that, recently, global temperature has increased. This increase in temperature is referred to as global warming. One of the main causes of global warming is greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that absorb solar radiation to keep the planet warm. These gases have increased, so more solar radiation is trapped ins ide raising global temperaturesRead MoreGlobal Warming1050 Words   |  5 PagesTake a position: Global warming is a real problem. 1000 word Essay. Using persuasive technique Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface. Since the late 1800’s, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8degree C). Climate change is happening and its effects are real. However, the larger the change in climate, the more negative the consequences will become. Global warming will make life harder for mostRead MoreGlobal Warming1192 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Warming Essay Global warming is an important issue for humans to consider and science to figure out. Personally I don’t care very much about global warming and have never been active in green movements. The evidence presented in this class is very informative and useful when taking into account the numerous known and unknown causes and cures for global warming. However, my attitude towards global warming is unchanged. According to the Common Attitudes Toward Global Warming handout I think

Symptoms And Treatment Of Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries

Introduction Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are amongst the most common injuries affecting approximately 42 million individuals annually (Gardner Yaffe, 2015). This incidence rate is inaccurate as many mTBI are not reported (Gardner Yaffe, 2015). Such injuries are thought to increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Gardner Yaffe, 2015). AD accounts for up to 80% of all senile dementia and is characterized by cognitive deficits that progressively manifest into severe cognitive and behavioral impairment (Elder et al., 2010). Such symptoms are causally associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles†¦show more content†¦A cohort of mice underwent a second mTBI after 24 hours. Mice from both WT and Tg groups were assessed 2 days, 9 weeks, and 16 weeks after mTBI treatment. Primarily, HE stain was employed along with Gomori’s iron stain to localize site and severity of mTBI injury. The degree of A deposition in the somatosensory cortex (SSC), the perihippocampal cortex (PHC), and the hippocampus (HP) of both hemispheres was determined by 4G8 immunostaining. In addition, GFAP staining was used to quantify the population of astrocytes at the site of the injury. Furthermore, Sandwich ELISA was utilized in mice groups 16 weeks after injury to measure A40 and A42 peptide levels in various brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, and the cerebellum. Such tissues were also analyzed for isoprostane levels that are produced by lipid peroxidation. Isoprostanes were also detected in urine samples at various survival periods. Moreover, mice underwent Morison water maze (MWM) and composite neuroscore (NS) tests at 16 weeks’ post-injury to examine cognitive and motor functions respectively. Uryu and collegues found a significant increase in iron deposits and reactive astrocytes in the repetitive mTBI postmortem sections of Tg mice, when compared to other groups at 16 weeks after the injury. This was not the case in WT mice. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the A burden within select brain regions (i.e. SSC, PHC, HP) of single and

Why Men Earn more Money than Women - 891 Words

I think the most important reason that women earn less is that a few decades ago women did not receive equal education on the higher level and I think that affect the deferens in salaries today, and here is why. 35 to 15 years ago when we had a less equal society, more women made career choices which at the time was considered the norm for women, for example, almost all women were expected to have children and stay at home with the children and take care of the house, while men were expected to work and make a career, and that affected their chance of both getting a job and getting a good salary. Most men made a career had a higher salary while a big minority of the women became housewives and stayed at home with the children. An economic myth is that women make 83 à ¶re for every crown a man make because they are discriminated in the labor market. Like other myths, these doses have a bit of truth to it. So for example, if you add up all the incomes of women and divide it by the number of women in the labor force and then do the same thing for men, what you will find is, that on average, women do make about 83 percent of what men do. What’s happening here is not discrimination in the labor market, but differences in the choices that men and women make about investing their knowledge, their education, their skills, and their job experiences that leads them to getting paid different salaries. Economists talk about people’s human capital. By human capital, we mean the skills, theShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Men And Women1085 Words   |  5 Pages Both men and women have been inequalities in the workplace. Women are still are not receiving equal pay for the equal work and the equal pay of work of the equal value. Even though women have increased their presence in higher paying jobs that are dominated by men, still women continue to work in low paying occupations as men. For so long woman have received less pay in jobs. They have not been treated fair and equal as a man does in the same job fields. Woman has worked so hard and have accomplishedRead MoreBattle of the Sexes725 Words   |  3 Pagesgap is nearly impossible to avoid, even though women have spent the time and hard work with education and dedication to their job, just as men have. Women have improved in these areas to receive high position and equality with men in the work force. However, even though they have kept their heads down and played by the rules, women still have somehow come up short and, their pay remains less than men’s pay. The earnings and income of men and women differ on many levels; it’s almost hard to believeRead MoreEssay On If I Were A Boy1528 Words   |  7 PagesBeyoncà © sings â€Å"If I Were a Boy† passionately wishing to comprehend the lack of empathy men have when considering the act of faithfulness to one partner. As much as that is a problem of its own, if I were a boy, I think I could understand the many things I don’t. If I were a boy, I think I could understand how it feels to be exempted from many of the societal criticisms and discriminations women face because of my genetic superiority. If I were a boy, I think I could understand how easy it is to walkRead MoreAchieving Gender Inequality Within The American Workplace Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pageswomen are demonstrating time after time that they can excel at positions of high power and responsibility they even demonstrate to suppress those of males. They have higher profits and are rated as better leaders. T hese statistics come to show to women and business that women have great potential and they shouldn’t feel intimidated by the great responsibility or stereotypes that come with the job and women respectively. Women should embrace opportunities such as these and business shouldn’t overlookRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1686 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances in society, especially for women despite these advancements, there continues to be inequalities in sexual â€Å"equality† .Why does a wage difference exists between men and women? Are employers being sexist? Sexism has been a problem since the beginning of mankind. Women have struggled to achieve equality with men. The male dominated culture has led the female gender to become the â€Å"weaker sex†. This discrimination, of course, based on the stereotype that women should be stay at home playing theRead MoreHow American Sexism Has Changed Over The Years, But It Is Far From Perfect?853 W ords   |  4 Pageschanged dramatically over the years, but it is far from perfect. Today many women in America face sexism in many areas throughout their lives; especially in workplaces. Women face sexist stereotype that holds them back from rising up as corporate ladders, especially in jobs that have a high ratio of men compared to women. Sexist comments such as â€Å"women are weak to do this kind of job† , â€Å"these are men s jobs† and †women are too emotional to work† often causes a woman to be cautious of how she actsRead MoreShould Women Get Paid The Same As Men1093 Words   |  5 PagesShould women get paid the same as men in professional sport? Professional sports, as compared to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance. Due to ability to draw a large income, professional athletes can afford to make their sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to become the best they can be. Most sports played professionally also have amateur players far outnumberingRead MoreGlobalization Does Not Just Affect Global Economics843 Words   |  4 Pageseconomics, it also improved women’s social status. Because women started to work outside and earn money to support the family. Before globalization, women were forced to take care of family. Since women had no economic supports, they were not able to survive without their families, so they had to follow their husbands without doubts. Men believed that the best wife should stay at home for housework, they would feel shame and angry if women worked outside. All the surrounding people would judge theRead MoreThe Fight For Gender Equality1282 Words   |  6 PagesThe fight for gender equality in the workplace has been ongoing for fifty years. Women have been looked to as inferior in the workplace in the United States for the better part of a decade. While they have made tremendous strides in getting equalization, ladies are still cheated out of the money that men are receiving for the same career. The gender wage gap is real and it grows over worker’s careers. Though it used to be a gap because of education between the genders, the education gap has beenRead More Discrimination in the Workplace Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages Discrimination in the work place towards women is extremely common and occurs in everyday life. You can prove this by explaining how women in the workplace get paid, get promoted and get treated based on their sex. Sex discrimination in the workplace comes with many different faces. In its most basic form, it involves outright exclusion of women, solely by reason of their gender. Even where women have gained access to the workplace, sex discrimination may persist in other ways. Examples

The Abortion Of The United States - 1031 Words

Facing Abortion in the United States Abortion is a common debated topic in the United States. It is becoming commonplace in our society. Terminating an unwanted pregnancy is a difficult choice that many women have faced throughout the years. Through out this paper, reasons for abortion, women, underage girls, parental laws, emotions, and the procedures of terminating a pregnancy will be discussed. While there is still more research being done, it is said that abortion can have both negative and positive effects. There are many reasons for why women seek abortions. The purposes for seeking an abortion have been categorized into 11 wide-ranging themes. The main themes acknowledged as intentions for seeking an abortion included financial reasons (40%), timing (36%), marital reasons (31%), and the need to focus on other children (29%); (Biggs, Gould, Foster 2013). Women seek abortion for reasons that are related to their surroundings, including their economic status, age, healthiness, and marital status (Biggs et al., 2013). For women who have an abortion, their circumstances can sometimes change for the better by not having a baby. Women who feel that they can better themselves without a child in the picture are motivated to have an abortion so they can reach their goals. There is a fear of undergoing humiliation, or internalized shame due to the choice of having an abortion; driving women to provide a response that society would understand for her decision toShow MoreRelatedAbortion in the United States1518 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion in the United States The United States Government should illegalize abortion for many different reasons including, a potential life has ended before given a chance remains evidence enough for most people to understand why a person should never have a choice of whether a baby lives or dies. Studies also show that mothers who choose abortion have a higher health risk rate after the abortion and also have more psychological problems after the abortion as well. Not only is it proven thatRead MoreAbortion : The United States1704 Words   |  7 PagesRebecca Mejia Molly Gum Senior English 24 March, 2017 Research Paper : Abortion During the 7th century, the Catholic Church premeditated that the act of oral sex was a far more worse sin than getting an abortion. Roe V. Wade was the 1973 US Supreme court case that made abortion legal in the United States. Abortion should be the woman’s choice. The US supreme court has declared abortion to be a fundamental right that is guaranteed by the US Constitution. Reproductive rights also give women a senseRead MoreAbortion And The United States1266 Words   |  6 PagesIn the United States the abortion has become a big deal in American political landscape. Also is very sadly because is consider it moral issues rather than personal rights or civil liberties. This issue has much both sides of political fence but many do not consider it. But me myself I opposed to abortion, especially abortion on demand and welcome the government’s protection of the unborn. Also other issues are involved in abortion debate, but this issue of personal is freedom already mentionedRead MoreAbortion And The United States1704 Words   |  7 Pages1973, abortion has been considered â€Å"legal† in the United States. But, just because abortion is legal, does that automatically justify it as moral? The Bible never clearly states â€Å"though shall not abort your children.† On the other hand, Exodus 20:13, states â€Å"though shall not murder.† Not only does Exodus speak of prohibiting murder, Genesis 9:3, states that â€Å"whoever sheds man’s blood, by man his blood shall be shed, for in the image of God He made man.† According to AbortionFacts.com, abortion becameRead MoreAbortion in the United States3416 Words   |  14 Pages The issue of abortion is notoriously controversial. Since the Supreme Court’s 1992 ruling in Casey v. Planned Parenthood, states have enacted different restrictions on the procedure. These restrictions vary from state to state. Nineteen states currently have laws prohibiting partial-birth abortion, and forty-one states strictly prohibit abortions except in cases of life-endangerment. One particularly incendiary area of abortion law is that of public funding. However, as of this year thereRead MoreAbortion And Its Effects On The United States Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States â€Å"1.7% of women aged 15–44 have an abortion† (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Twenty-one percent of all pregnancies end in abortion (â€Å"Induced Abortion in the United States†). Women most commonly have abortions before the end of her first trimester, twelve weeks into the pregnancy, however, abortions may also be performed after the first trimester. Abortions are quite common, but they also lead to numerous issues for the parents such as regret, depression, drug abuseRead MoreThe Issue Of Abortion On The United States Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagespaper is the issue of Abortion, My thesis in this paper is to analyze the history of abortion in the United States prior to the Roe vs. Wade decision and afterwards, and to demonstrate the ways in which our two major political parties’ views on this issue have shifted over time along with the public’s view on the issue. Abortion has been practiced for most of human history. The ancient Greeks and Romans practiced it, although not all ancient thinkers had the same views on abortion. Ancient Greek â€Å"fatherRead MoreThe Issue Of Abortion On The United States1606 Words   |  7 Pagespregnancies among American woman are unintended, and about seven out of ten of these 500,000 unintended pregnancies are terminated by abortion each year in America. In today’s modern American culture, many consider an unborn fetus a non-life form; however, an unborn fetus possesses many, if not all, characteristics of life. The issue of abortion in the United States has been one that has courted controversy and created a public, ethical, and moral division in our American society and culture. DifferentRead MoreAbortion in the United States Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is abortion? According to the Oxford English Dictionary, â€Å"Abortion: the premature expulsion of a [foetus] from the womb; an operation to cause this.† Abortion has been a controversial topic for many years. Some people favor adoption and some are against it. â€Å"In 2008 an estimated 1.21 million abortions were performed in the Unites States.†(Jones, and Kooistra). Many opinions collaborate in abortions rights or abortion legislation. â€Å"In 2008, 84,610 women obtained abortions in Texas, producingRead More Abortion in the United States Essay3509 Words   |  15 PagesAbortion in the United States Abortion has been a complex social issue in the United States ever since restrictive abortion laws began to appear in the 1820s. By 1965, abortions had been outlawed in the U.S., although they continued illegally; about one million abortions per year were estimated to have occurred in the 1960s. (Krannich 366) Ultimately, in the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, it was ruled that women had the right to privacy and could make an individual choice on whether

The Most Incredibly Neglected Answer for Samples Essay on Niger

The Most Incredibly Neglected Answer for Samples Essay on Niger Lies You've Been Told About Samples Essay on Niger As the last paragraph is represents your very last opportunity to create your case and, being such, should adhere to an extremely rigid format. That said, after drafting your own personal statement, you may have a tendency to submit it immediately, especially if you're working on multiple applications at the exact moment. When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the very same words and phrases over and over again. It might be beneficial to see them as the written equivalent of the types of spoken cues utilised in formal speeches that signal the conclusion of a single set of ideas and the start of another one. Ruthless Samples Essay on Niger Strategies Exploited When an art school gives the option of submitting a personal statement, it might be tempting for forgo the chance. My job was supposed to work alongside the industry manager to help make a more h ealthy marriage between the finance and advertising departments, thus improving our sales and workplace atmosphere. I hope that my guide to the ideal writing services has helped you to understand what a fantastic writing service may offer and the way to choose the ideal writing service for you. The government plays a main part in the economy since it facilitates the procedure to guarantee a smooth transfer of products and solutions. Within this post we'll explore the advantages of using social networking in governmentfrom awareness building to crisis communication. If people aren't careful, there's false information that could hinder society. Analysis Through ADA, disabled folks in the usa have been in a position to acquire increased access to hotel facilities. You ought to be in secondary school in any portion of Nigeria. In addition, it hits eight significant cities within this river's path. The Niger River is situated in West Africa. As stated by the present archaeological evidence, humans began to inhabit what's today referred to as Nigeria as early as the 9000 BC. Yet, it's one of the poorest countries on earth. Therefore, countries which are partly free and free political have a greater likelihood of experiencing electoral democracy in comparison to countries which are not free politically. Throughout the history of earth, there have been several different kinds of government, which range from monarchies, dictatorships, republics, and sometimes even anarchy. You could also use the introduction to supply the reader a fundamental roadmap so they can understand the way your statement is designed to flow. In these examples, it can be useful to practice with personal statement writing prompts, which can provide some guidance. Possessing an ideal information with every essays are quite important for all of us to make the last essay look precisely viable. Knowing the differing sorts of essays and the format i n which they ought to be written is vital for any writer to receive right when drafting an essay. Though the conclusion paragraph comes at the conclusion of your essay it ought not be considered an afterthought. Basically, they lead the reader from 1 section of the paragraph of another one. This section consists of two examples of very good college essays. You need to reveal in your government essay that the government is an integral portion of our life and the way it affects the a variety of pursuits and addresses various concerns in our life. The Constitution is critical since it is a body of an element where the government makes references dependent on the quotes in the several articles. When many schools encourage creativity in regards to crafting your own personal statement, it's important to incorporate best writing practices to make sure a piece that is simple to read, thorough, and engaging. Keeping your writing personal and true only increases the passion, something which admissions teams often search for in an art student. Now things started to get really intriguing. The completely free spread of ideas isn't an ideal practice. Who Else Wants to Learn About Samples Essay on Niger? It is not simple for the government to ensure citizens exercise their rights, few individuals responsible for running the government are dem ocratic. Personal statements are simply that personal! Such programs will reflect the better part of the wants and interests of the society. There are lots of systems to make sure a good trial, but they are sometimes not perfect.

Explain what sources of finance are available for small to medium sized companies and explain why they sometimes face difficulties in raising finance free essay sample

The SME (Small and medium enterprise) sector is one of the crucial important contributor to economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and job creation worldwide(IFC,2010). According to OECD(2006), SMEs had created more than sixty percent of the job opportunities for OECD countries. That situation for developing counties are even more obvious. There is no doubt that the development of SMEs is closely linked to national economy. The growth of SME sector, however, presents a stalled tendency, even recession situation, owing to the deficiency of accessing to finance. This circumstance may restrict and hinder the development of small and medium-sized companies, then indirectly affect the countrys economy. Therefore, how to financing efficiently and overcoming fund-raising barriers for its ongoing progress becomes a indispensable part and parcel of their operation activities. The aims of this article is to demonstrate what funds-raising techniques could be adapted by SMEs, then examine what obstacles are faced by them in the financing activities, and lastly, giving a conclusion. 2. Funds-raising sources available for SME 2. 1 Internal financing At the initial stage, SMEs have to obtain capital, internally, from owners, relatives, friends and existing partner or firm’s retained earnings (Abdulaziz Andrew, 2013), inasmuch as the shortage of transparent and â€Å"hard† information, for instance, permanent track records from bank, financial statement, credit scoring as well as higher intangible assets. After that, they tend to seek alternative sources, such as external ways, for financing for the sake of its progress in the later phase. 2. 2 External equity-based financing External equity financing includes venture capital, business angels and public equity. In general, they are more suitable than debt for the young SMEs since they experiencing capital gap and unable to raise loans via security(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013), inasmuch that equity capital has no special refund date(Ou Haynes, 2006), and without mortgaging items for its supplier. A study written by Hogan and Hutson (2005) demonstrates the similar views that when TBSFs (technology-based small firms) suffering from information asymmetries, especially in its start-up stage, they would like to slove its capital gap through equity-based financing instead of debt. 2. 2. 1 Venture capital Venture capital(VC) is the funds provided to firms at their early phase to exploit its business, thus investors intend to obtain long-term capital gains(McLaney, 2009). Nowadays, the high-tech small enterprises attract more attention to venture capitalist, as they are more likely to generate interests in a relatively short-term. And this can be illustrated by a study written by Bozkaya Van (2008). It demonstrates that technology-based small enterprises obtain more money from venture capital than other sources of financing in European. Moreover, VC is a proper way for small and medium enterprise who were in the process of lack of permanent and effective track records and high quality of collateral (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013 cited by Gompers, 1995). 2. 2. 2 Business angels Business angels are direct investment launched by individual capitalist, rather than venture capitals who are mainly supported by investing institutions(McLaney, 2009). Furthermore, angels are not merely a kind of capital investing, also a participant investment. Investors tend to actively participate, in other words, in routine operations, such as enterprise strategic decision, strategic design as well as hiring managers. 2. 2. 3 Public equity Public equity is a kind of relatively effective financing way for SME in a mature stage, it mainly is through the way of open recruitment to access to funds, and with equity as a return for investors. This approach extremely relies on a transparent perfect company financial mechanism. 2. 3 Debt financing Debt financing is a appropriate way for enterprises to raise external capital  with specified repayment date to return the principal and interest. It includes trade credit, public debt, bank financing as well as nonbank financial institution debt. Unlike equity financing which would dilutes the owners equity, and consequently, may partly deprives the owner of control of the firm. (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). Debt financing would be a proper approach for SMEs owners to maintain full proprietorship as well as management(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). 2. 3. 1 Trade credit According to Garcia-Teruel Martinez-Solano (2010), trade credit is a paying agreement which made by seller and buyer, that allow the buyer to,in a specified period, make a deferred payment after the good or services having been provided. In this way, small firms would have a relatively short-time to arrange its cash flow and eventually overcoming shortage of cash or funds. Moreover, trade credit would be a substitution when other financing techniques unavailable. That is to say, small and medium firms will gain their opportunity of survival. 2. 3. 2 Non-bank financial institution debt Non-bank financial institution’s(NBFI) role of lending is similar as bank financing to a certain extent, their biggest differences are the mode of borrowing audition and the length of the loan terms. Generally speaking, the loans of NBFIs are longer than the duration of the commercial bank,accordingly, they require higher interest rate, and more strict choice of borrowing enterprise credit and collateral. The other role of NBFIs are mainly lending via fixed assets or equipment. 2. 3. 3 Leasing According to BergerUdell (2006), leasing is that the fixed assets are purchased by the lender and then loan to lessee, in the form of rental, under an pre-specified contract which shows that the fixed assets can be bought by borrowers at the end of the leasing. Correspondingly, lender should be responsibility of purchasing item, while, lessee will be responsible for maintenance of equipment. Opaque firms can use leasing to help for their production, this is because that the underwriting decision is  mainly based on the value of leased items, rather than ‘hard’ information, when they have limited money for operating(BergerUdell, 2006). 2. 3. 4 Public debt Although public debt is a possible way of financing for SMEs, but in reality, it is not too widely used. Because it is prohibitive for SMEs to issued public debt in many counties, such as in china. 2. 4 Bank finance for SMEs Financing in bank are variable, it involves financial statement lending, small business credit scoring, asset-based lending, fixed-asset lending, relationship lending and factoring. Unlike other sources of bank-financing, relationship lending mainly depends on the ‘soft’ information collected from SMEs via directly continuous access to the firms and its owner performance(Berger Udell, 2006). While, financial statement lending, asset-based lending and fixed-asset lending are quite similar in the field of evaluating credits and repayment abilities of enterprise. They focus on ‘hard‘ information about the company, such as financial statement, assets, fixed-assets respectively, which may more suitable for SMEs without suffering from information asymmetric. However, small business credit scoring primarily depends on ‘hard’ information about both corporation and its proprietor, and the data about the owner are mainly via their consumer and commercial credit, then there will generate a score after a series of performance evaluation(Berger Udell, 2006). However, factoring is a short-term financing methods that a financial institution or bank purchased the SME’s accounts receivable with pre-specified fees and interests (Soufani, 2002). 2. 5 Government assistance and initiatives In view of great contribution of SMEs in terms of a nation’s employment and GDP, more and more countries implement different forms of financing, such as giving tax exemption policy, providing lower interest of loan and creating a good financing environment, for small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to help its exploitation. 3. Reasons for SME sector facing difficulties of financing 3. 1 Financing environment Financing environment includes not only the financial, legal and the credit rating system, also includes national economy, social environment. SME sector in a developed financing environment is more easy to access to financing, because it provides a more flexibility financial evaluation system, financing channels as well as better rights protection. Moreover, Beck(2005) found that the development of the small firms are more easily affected by the financial, legal, and corruption. Additionally, In a stronger information system, GDP is increased with the increase of bank loans, and the credit crisis and the formal information sharing measures is presented inverse growth (Jappelli and Pagano, 2002). 3. 2 Firm characteristics In the process of SME’s financing, the significant barrier lies in its information opaque. Because of shorter operation time, and small in its size, they could not offer a permanent effective credit history or financial statement, and also unable to provide the high-quality collateral, accordingly leads them to financing difficulties. According to a study conducted by Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2006), Small businesses were 7% and 3% higher than the large and medium-sized enterprises in terms of the probability of facing financing obstacle. What’s more, Fatoki and Asah (2011) conclude that small and medium-sized enterprises setting up more than five years have a better chance of success in their credit application than those less in five years. In addition, small and medium-sized firms in different industries may choose different types of financing and then encounter different levels of funding constrains. A study analysis 3500 samples which were randomly selected across ten sector of SMEs in UK, and concluded that the length of loan are varies in different industry(Abdulsaleh Worthington,2013 cited in Michaelas et al, 1999). Moreover, collateral has greatly contribution in the process of fund-raising for SMEs, particularly for debt financing. Accordingly, assets structure of a firm is an important factor for financing. Odit and Gobardhun (2011) revealed that SMEs with more tangible assets are more likely to obtain funs because of the ability to mortgage its fixed-asset. 3. 3 Owner-manager’s characteristics Gender of the SMEs’ managers or owners, generally, affect the options of financing sources and fund-raising difficulty to a large extent. Coleman (2007) proved that women entrepreneurs is more vulnerable to discrimination in the process of lending, since they are more often pay higher interest rates, to be required to provide additional collateral to obtain loans. The education levels of owners may be a important factor to deal with financing choices, owners with high degree would successfully to persuade the bankers or capitalists to provide fund for its business or investors think highly of educated owners(Irwin Scott, 2010). This could be proved by a survey conducted by Irwin Scott (2010), they found that the proportion of Advanced-level(23%) and professional, trade or vocational qualifications(21%) managers facing difficulties of financing are quite similar, however, that for O-level and graduate owners present a large gap, with accounting for 19% and 8% respectively. Owning a the higher degree means that owner-mangers may knowledgeable and having ability of scientific management to reasonably use possible financial resources to conquer the financing obstacles that they had encountered. 4. Conclusion In conclude, financing modes varies. Bank-depending lending is primarily based on ‘hard’ information, financial statement, asset lending, factoring as well as the relationship lending etc. while, non-bank financial institutions financing offer tangible-asset lending, such as leasing. Venture capital and business angels is mainly funding in private marketing. Accordingly, other modes,for instance,public equity and public debt, obtain capitals from public marketing. National funding, sometimes, such as low interest loan and subsidizing, helps SME sector to overcome the equity gaps. Even though, there are plenty of funding modes being supplying to SMEs, funding gaps are always affect the development of small and medium-sized firms, whether at its start-up stage, or development stage, or mature stage. For instance, in the early stages, most of the start-up funds are from owners’ savings as well as family or friends help, it is hard for SMEs to obtain external sources of financing as shortage of effective bank records  and opacity information and high risk of failure rate. On the other hand, their own characteristics and the individual elements of its owner-managers are also affect the success or failure of corporate financing, various industries, company size and age, or owner’s gender, education, etc. Also overwhelming factors, such as nation’s financial environment, will lead to varying degrees of equity gap of small and m edium enterprises in different regions and countries.

Service Marketing-Pizza Hut free essay sample

A subsidiary of PepsiCo, Inc. , the company oversees more than 11,000 pizza restaurants and delivery outlets in 90 countries worldwide. In October 1997, the company expected to become a subsidiary of Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. , formed from the spin-off of PepsiCos restaurant holdings. Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 by brothers Dan and Frank Carney in their hometown of Wichita, Kansas. When a friend suggested opening a pizza parlorthen a raritythey agreed that the idea could prove successful, and they borrowed $600 from their mother to start a business with partner John Bender. Renting a small building at 503 South Bluff in downtown Wichita and purchasing secondhand equipment to make pizzas, the Carneys and Bender opened the first Pizza Hut restaurant; on opening night, they gave pizza away to encourage community interest. A year later, in 1959, Pizza Hut was incorporated in Kansas, and Dick Hassur opened the first franchise unit in Topeka, Kansas. In the early 1960s Pizza Hut grew on the strength of aggressive marketing of the pizza restaurant idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Service Marketing-Pizza Hut or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1962, the Carney brothers bought out the interest held by Bender, and Robert Chisholm joined the company as treasurer. In 1966, when the number of Pizza Hut franchise units had grown to 145, a home office was established to coordinate the businesses from Wichita. Two years later, the first Pizza Hut franchise was opened in Canada. This was followed by the establishment of the International Pizza Hut Franchise Holders Association (IPHFHA). It aimed at acquiring 40 percent of the companys franchise operations, or 120 stores, and adding them to the six outlets wholly owned by Pizza Hut. The acquisitions, however, brought turmoil to the chain. Varied accounting systems used by the previous franchise owners had to be merged into one operating system, a process that took eight months to complete. In the meantime, sales flattened and profits tumbled. In early 1970 Frank Carney decided that the company practice of relying on statistics from its annual report to inform its business strategy was inadequate, and that a more developed, long-term business plan was necessary. The turning point occurred when Pizza Hut went public and began growing at an unprecedented pace. Pizza Huts corporate strategy, arrived at after much consultation and boardroom debate, emerged in 1972. The corporate strategys first priority was increasing sales and profits for the chain. Continuing to build a strong financial base for the company to provide adequate financing for growth was the second priority. The strategy also called for adding new restaurants to the chain in emerging and growing markets. In 1970 Pizza Hut opened units in Munich, Germany, and Sydney, Australia. That same year, the chains 500th restaurant opened, in Nashville, Tennessee. Further acquisitions that year included an 80 percent stake in Ready Italy, a frozen crust maker, and a joint venture, Sunflower Food Processors, formed with Sunflower Beef, Inc. The same year, the menus for all restaurants added sandwiches to the staple Thin n Crispy pizza offering. In 1971 Pizza Hut became the worlds largest pizza chain, according to sales and number of restaurantsthen just more than 1,000 in all. A year later the chain gained a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Pizza Hut also achieved, for the first time, a one million dollar sales week in the U. S. market. At the end of 1972 Pizza Hut made its long-anticipated offer of 410,000 shares of common stock to the public. The company expanded by purchasing three restaurant divisions: Taco Kid, Next Door, and the Flaming Steer. In addition, Pizza Hut acquired Franchise Services, Inc. , a restaurant supply company, and J G Food Company, Inc. , a food and supplies distributor. The company also added a second distribution center in Peoria, Illinois. In 1973 Pizza Hut expanded further by opening outlets in Japan and Great Britain. Three years later the chain had more than 100 restaurants outside the United States and two thousand units in its franchise network. The companys 2,000th restaurant was opened in Independence, Missouri.