Social Pressure and Perception Essays

Social Pressure and Perception Essays Social Pressure and Perception Essay Social Pressure and Perception Essay Picture yourself in the following scenarios, youve answered an advert in the local paper to take part in an experiment for psychology purposes, you arrive along with others but not realising that you are the only true volunteer. You are all placed in a darkened room and the only thing you can see is a pin point of light which tends to move (The Autokinetic Effect). Then later your all asked how much the pin points of light moved and then compared the answers collected from the other volunteers (Stooges). As an individual you give your answer which is different from your group answer. Another experiment involves two cards, one contains a single vertical line and the other card contains three different lengths of vertical lines. The end result in both of these experiments shows how we conform to others. Im going to explain in two ways in depth how we Conform to others, the Self Concept and Obedience. At the end of this essay you will see that Ive noted how important it is that we meet the BPS ethical guidelines when experiments like these are done. Conformity In 1935 a Psychologist called Sherif wanted to show how people conformed to other peoples ideas, so he used an experiment called the Autokinetic Effect and this involved placing the subjects in a darkened room with a pin point of light which would eventually move about. Sherif asked the subjects to estimate how much the pin point of light moved and they all gave very different answers ranging from one to seven inches. Each subject tended to make the same sort of judgement whenever they were tested. For instance their answers for the next set of tests would be the same as the previous experiments. These were the results that Sherif got when the subjects were tested on their own. However when they were sat in a room all together they seemed to give the same answers as each other. The result in this experiment is Conformity. In 1951 a Social Psychologist called Solomon Asch invented an experiment to explore how pressure from one person could affect another persons perceptions. In total, one third of the subjects who were put in this situation went along with the clearly erroneous majority. Aschs experiment involved 4 lines, 3 of the lines were different lengths to the 1st line. These were shown to college students in groups of 8 to 10. He told them that he wanted to study the visual perception and that their task was to decide which of the lines matched the same as the 1st line. It was obvious to see what the correct answer was. Asch asked the students to give their answers aloud. Only 1 student in each group was the real subject. All the others were confederates who were instructed to give inaccurate answers on a number of trials. Asch made sure that the real subject was the next to the last person in each of these groups to provide their answer. This is because Asch wanted the subject to hear most of the confederate incorrect answers before giving his own. The question is would the subject go along with the crowd? Asch was amazed to find that most of the subjects conformed to the majority at least once and the rest of them conformed on more than 6 of the 12 trials. When confronted with a unanimous incorrect answer by the other group members, the mean subject conformed on 4 of the 12 trials. Asch was disturbed by these results: The tendency to conform in our society is so strong that reasonably intelligent and well-meaning young people are willing to call white black. This is a matter of concern. It raises questions about our ways of education and about the values that guide our conduct. Theories of the self  When we are born into this world we do not know anything. We are unable to do things for ourselves and do not understand anything. As we grow and develop our self into the unique human we are today we see ourselves through others.  Charles Horton Cooley proposed the theory Looking Glass Self the process of developing a self-image on the basis of the messages we get from others, as we understand them. There are three components to the looking glass self: 1. We imagine how we appear to others.  2. We imagine what their judgement of that appearance must be.  3. We develop some self-feeling such as pride or mortification, as a result of our imagining others judgement.  4.  Charles Cooley basically tells us that we use others as a mirror and that is how we think others see us.  In 1969 Michael Argyle described four main factors that affect the way an individuals self concept develops and is maintained in day to day living. These factors are:  1. Other peoples reactions for instance if we are talking to another person and they seem to look at something else or seem to be in another place we feel that we are dull and boring the other person or dont seem interesting enough for the other person to want to pay full attention. 2. Comparisons with other people and how we should look to fit in, to be accepted by others. How we look in comparison to the next person for instance within a group/gang we would always want to be the better person within the group/gang.  3. Roles, Everybody has different sets of roles that they play in their life, for example: as a parent, as a neighbour, as a wife/husband etc. Each set of roles come with different types of behaviour. 4. Identification with others. Self-identity originally comes into existence through identification with others. Being part of a family, group, community or a culture is a primary psychological motivation based on the primacy for attachment, relatedness, emotional involvement with others, and the desire for acceptance and love. Through the process of identification with others the rudiments of the self are constituted through the internalization of others who possess the psychological characteristics of similarity.

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases

3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases 3 Cases of Missing Words and Phrases By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, the absence of inadvertently omitted words and phrases leads to sentences that, though comprehensible, do not really say what they set out to communicate. Discussion after each example explains the problem, and revisions offer solutions. 1. The Voice mentor and Maroon 5 front man seemed to phone it in early on during the concert. In this sentence, the writer is under the mistaken impression that an article that is part of a composition title can serve double duty as an article integral to the syntax of the sentence in which the title is located. Replace the title with any other phrase that does not begin with the to see the problem. In this case, because the person in question is identified with phrases referencing two entertainment enterprises in which he is involved, simply insert an article at the head of the sentence and transpose the two phrases: â€Å"The Maroon 5 front man and The Voice mentor seemed to phone it in early on during the concert.† When this solution is not available because only one identifying phrase is employed, recast the sentence otherwise: â€Å"Levine, one of the mentors on The Voice, seemed to phone it in early on during the concert.† This revision is not as concise, but it has the advantage that it, unlike the original version, is syntactically sound. 2. We have observed systems at sites that often do not require any user authentication to interact with the physical environment and utilize unsupported and unpatched system software. It is initially unclear to the reader whether the phrase â€Å"utilize unsupported and unpatched system software† is parallel with the phrase â€Å"interact with the physical environment† or with the larger phrase that begins with require and ends with environment. Because the latter choice is the correct one, that should be repeated before the phrase beginning with utilize to match that phrase with the one beginning with require: â€Å"We have observed systems at sites that often do not require any user authentication to interact with the physical environment and that utilize unsupported and unpatched system software.† 3. Mobile app usage rates are flat but are now higher than ATMs. Here, mobile app usage rates are erroneously compared with ATMs; the comparison is between mobile app usage rates and ATM usage rates, and the sentence should explicitly state this, if only with a pronoun phrase in place of specifically parallel wording: â€Å"Mobile app usage rates are flat but are now higher than those for ATMs.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingHow to Pronounce MobileHow to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Cause essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cause - Essay Example ’s lives, and these include physical health [as Maslow rightly observed in his second level of â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs†], mental fitness, athletics, and for aesthetic value (Maslow 373-4). As the old saying goes, â€Å"the most valuable possession one has is Good Health,† well, this is true for both our physical as well as psychological well-being. And one of the secrets to good and perfect health is regular exercise. As for physical fitness, exercise proves very essential to people who desire beautiful but slender bodies. People who seldom take exercise are likely to have soft, flabby muscles, which are not only unattractive but are unhealthy. Getting rid of shapeless figures requires regular exercises to better manage being over weight and more importantly to shape body structure. Besides, routine exercise is also beneficial in strengthening people’s muscles (Barton and Pretty 3947). Jogging, dancing, bicycle rides, swimming among other activities really help to develop strong leg muscles for people who desire such. In addition, exercises provide people with more daily energy. A morning exercise for instance, can help in elevating daily work/job spirit by simply retaining the excitement acquired during the exercise. One will therefore be capable to respond instantaneously to the environmental changes. Regular exercises also prevent the occurrence of a range of diseases by helping the body to develop mechanisms for fighting infections and certain other diseases (Barton and Pretty, 3947-8). Many of the major cardiovascular diseases can be kept at bay by simply using thes stairs instead of a lift (for those working in offices). Sweats that usually follow the exercises remove toxins that would hitherto cause heart failure, for example, from people’s bodies. Exercises thus have many benefits, which go along way in helping people to live longer, healthier, and generally happier lives. In fact, the more one has excess body fats the greater he or she risks

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural Term Paper

Oil And Food Commodities Prices. Oil prices effect on agricultural commodity prices in Latin American Nations - Term Paper Example To achieve this objective, this paper investigated the agricultural food prices for seven major farm products namely meat, oilseed, egg, rice, wheat, milk and sugar. On the other hand, the macroeconomic investigated were fossil crude oil prices, agricultural food prices indexes, GDP and consumer price index around Latin America as from 1963 to 2007. The study applied the use of Scree test and the magnitude of the variance method for measuring the optimal value of the common factors. The relationship coefficient that existed between the obtained principal function or component and the macro-economic index fluctuates between 0.87 for Latin America GDP and 0.36 for the consumer price index (CPI). According to the findings, agricultural food production index has the largest impacts on the macro-economic index and similarly the crude fossil oil has the greatest influence on the agricultural food production index and as a consequent, the prices of crude has a direct impacts and influence o n the agricultural food prices in Latin America. In the economic advancement process, food supply and its security are imperative issues. Therefore, food prices are an essential effective variable that have a direct effect on its supply and demand. Ever soaring food prices and cases of food riots across the globe and more important in Latin America have heightened concerns about the world food supply and food security. Food prices of major arable agricultural products

Executive Summary of Dreamliner Project Essay Example for Free

Executive Summary of Dreamliner Project Essay With an innovative design visually appealing to passengers, the Dreamliner enables Boeing customers to pleasantly surprise their passengers. The Dreamliner plans to be so visually appealing that at least some passengers will choose an air carrier-based solely on its use of Dreamliners. The Dreamliner will have other features that make the aircraft attractive to customers as well, not the least of which is that it will be much quieter than most older aircraft. Noise may not be an issue in every market; however all airlines battle noise restrictions and abatement procedures. The Dreamliner promises to be of benefit in this regard. Project Description The goal of the project is to design product and process for manufacturing the Boeing 7E7 Dreamliner. The project will involve incremental monitoring of the 787 Dreamliner, so that approaching problems with the innovative aircraft will be apparent before the project progresses too far. Clearly, the Dreamliner project is a huge undertaking in which there are myriad opportunities to digress from the stated schedule devised at the outset. As an example, there are more than 100 companies involved with the Dreamliner production and development in Australia alone (Hopkins, 2005), and the Dreamliner will not even be assembled there. The assembly plant is expected to cost $1 billion and to require the labor of 800 to 1,200 employees at an average salary of $65,000 each (Cronan, 2003). Problem Statement The void that the Dreamliner intends to fill holds at least two facets, one within Boeing and the other within the commercial air passenger industry. As indicated before, nearly all Boeings customers have had difficulty in the past, and two more, Delta and Northwest, recently joined the list of large, established airlines operating under Chapter 11. Fuel costs constitute the single greatest concern for these airlines at present, though fuel costs alone do not account for the costs of less than astute management over the past decade or so. These and other problems within the airline industry have led to difficulties at Boeing as well, in that airline customers have not purchased as many new aircraft in recent years as in the past. Boeing seeks to rectify this situation with the Dreamliner. As Boeing project manager of the 787 Dreamliner, it will be important to correctly identify the scope of the project and adhere to the defined view. Otherwise, the project easily could become susceptible to creep and expand in unplanned ways (Gray and Larson, 2005). As Boeing project manager of the 787 Dreamliner, it will be critical to be particularly watchful for signs of creep because so many other companies are involved in the 787 Dreamliner project. Of course Boeing has final say and control of the project; however it can expect many of the companies involved to voice ideas and opinions, some of which can be quite valuable. Hopkins (2005) reports that literally hundreds of Australian companies are involved with the Dreamliner; another author reports that Vought and Alenia North America have finalized arrangements forming a joint venture for the specific purpose of joining and integrating fuselage sections manufactured in a variety of European locations (7E7 production arrangements, 2004). Mission Justification Boeings Vision 2016 mission statement spells out three business strategies (Arkell, 2005). These three strategies are: †¢ Run healthy core businesses †¢ Leverage core strengths †¢ Open new frontiers (Arkell, 2005). The Dreamliner will make a positive contribution to the health of Boeings core business, and in so doing leverage the companys core strengths. It certainly opens new frontiers, in that there is not another aircraft like it. Airbus currently is retrofitting an older model to take on an appearance similar to the Dreamliners, however the Airbus offering will not be able to offer the fuel savings possible in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. High-Level Scope Gray and Larson (2005) provide a Project Scope Checklist containing the project objective, deliverables, milestones, technical requirements, limits and customer reviews. This certainly is a broad enough scope without being so broad that the 787 Dreamliner project manager could go astray with it. At the same time, the checklist can be used as a guide to assessing Boeings approach to the project to date. It likely does not have all the technical matters in place yet; however the first several requirements of the checklist already are in place and have been for some time. Chung-Suk and Gibson (2001) recommend the use of a project definition rating index to assess the appropriateness of the scope of any large project. Measuring Project Success There are several approaches and measures that as project manager can use to measure schedule progress to determine the success of the 787 Dreamliner project. There are several orders for the aircraft, likely with significant deposits attached to them. Failing to complete the project on time has the potential of negating at least a portion of the contracts that the company already has for the 787 Dreamliner. The product itself also can be used as a point of assessment of the projects success. Some detractors claim that Boeings reliance on plastic, for weight reduction and therefore greater fuel efficiency, is unfounded and unproven. As the Boeing 787 Dreamliner project manager, a plan will be devised for assessing project success with regard to using plastics before rolling out the first production model. Taverna (2004) reports that Boeing will use Dassault Systemes Product Lifecycle Management system in managing the design and production processes for Boeings 7E7 Dreamliner. The life cycle management system outlines the role of the key element to be included in this project that includes the virtual product development concept, the virtual product management system, the virtual reality center, and the Falcon Global Test Bed (Taverna, 2004). Application of Best Practices Two best practices in project management that could be applied to the project to ensure its success is to maintain tight control by the project manager on the various aspects of the project and to control the number and complexity of changes allowed in design or production processes after the start of the project. Hollmann (2003) discusses the pressures that several decades of downsizing and outsourcing have caused for many industries. Boeing has had difficulty in this area already, though its experience was several years ago. Boeing decreased its workforce so drastically that it could not efficiently take advantage of new government contracts and had to hire inexperienced, unproven design personnel. Though Boeing will be outsourcing much of the subassembly work associated with the Dreamliner project, it maintains its own design and project management personnel to provide greater accountability and incentive for bringing the project in on time and within budget. Boeing also practices astute change control in all its projects, and there is no reason to believe that the Dreamliner project will prove to be an exception. One of the greatest threats to any project is failing to properly define it at the outset and changing aspects of it well after it begins. Not making changes obviously needed results in an inferior, or worse, product; adding all the changes that possibly could be made has the effect of delaying the project and preventing it from being completed on time. As Boeing 787 Dreamliner project manager, it is paramount to maintain tight control of changes, disapprove most while allowing only those that make the product safer, more reliable or more attractive to customers. Aligning the Project with Boeings Business and Conclusion The project aligns well with Boeings core business and with its stated corporate mission. When it becomes available to the market, the Dreamliner will exist as a unique product not available from any other organization. As stated, Airbus will offer a possible substitute product; however one that is not likely to be equal to the Dreamliner in any aspect. Boeings history and reputation further will support the Dreamliner in terms of sales to commercial airline companies. Boeing learned its outsourcing lessons several years ago, and currently strives to right size rather than to become so lean it cannot function at full capacity.

A Day in the Life of a Teacher Essay -- Papers

A Day in the Life of a Teacher I hear the sound of my alarm clock at 6:30am. Time to get up! I wish it was Saturday, no school! No, I'm not a child, nor a student, but a teacher! You don't think we enjoy everyday at work, do you? No. That's rubbish. Let me continue with my story of a day in the life of a teacher.. As I force myself out of bed, a chilling thought comes over me. It's Wednesday. This means I still have three whole days to get through until the weekend. Better get a move on if I want to make it on time. First, I take a shower. I do this every morning to liven myself up and to prepare for the day ahead of me. Today first up we have a whole school assembly. That's one reason why I don't like Wednesdays. The other few reasons I particularly don't like the day Wednesday is that I have recess yard duty and in the afternoon is the paper parade. I step out of the shower, thinking such thoughts of what has been happening in the last few days and what I have to do today. I get dressed and go out to have breakfast. Mmm, I like breakfast, my last chance in the morning to relax and not think about work, but it eventually creeps into my head anyway. Once I am finished I remember and organize, well I try to remember and organize everything that I will need. Which is a lot. When I arrive at school, about 10 to 8 I park, load up my stuff and walk to the front office. In the staff room I have a social chat to the other teachers, we talk about assembly, make our coffee or tea and get ready to leave. With a mug in one hand, handbag and everything else in the other, we back onto the staff door and out the front office. You can... ...up to the office. I have no time and energy to deal with them. I have a rather small class now so I actually have a nice afternoon watching the kids and marking work. I ask them to pack up and that takes a while but I think the kids don't mind because it's always fun to do art. Even cleaning up! The last bell goes and I sigh a breath of relief. It's a busy day for a teacher and the afternoon has just begun. After the students leave I then go ahead and work for another hour or so typing and planning for the next day, I get so much more work done when the students are all gone. When I feel I've done enough I go home and spend the rest of my day doing ordinary things, like crafts, or watching TV or grocery shopping. I love what I do because I'm interacting with people all day and children can be wonderful sometimes!

Motivation and Compensation Essay

Attrition problems occur when an organization is going through changes. Magic Graffix seems to be having problems with recruiting, training, and retaining employees. The gradual reduction of a workforce by employees’ leaving and not being replaced rather than by their being laid off is called attrition. Attrition can be explained after a little digging to see where the problem actually occurs. The problem of diminishing employees for Magic Graffix is happening because the employees are not motivated to complete the task at hand. HR has been assigned a budget to come up with a plan to correct the problem. A number of steps must occur to correct the attrition such as finding out why the problems exist and trying to see how to make it better gradually. Attrition starts when employees start to leave an organization. The question is when it is first noticed what can be done to correct the issue so that it does not get any worse. The Magic Graffix simulation enables suggestions that would help in escalating the problem and correcting it. Conducting an employee survey, as well as commissioning, â€Å"Who is Smiling† is the first steps to combating the problem. The employee survey will allow the organization to get a feel or sense of how the employee thinks and what he or she is feeling towards the organization. The survey will also allow for seeking any areas that need improvement as the employee see it. Commissioning, â€Å"Who is Smiling† will allow the organization to see how other employees in similar organizations feel about the industry and his or her organization. The next step was to determine the needs of the employee in each area of the organization. I have decided that employees are less concerned with his or job descriptions or the training provided; however they are concerned with benefits and compensation so this is an area that needs to be looked into closely. Our employees want to be compensated for a job well done; he or she would like to have a salary that is comparable to others in the industry. Pay is a key motivating factor for the employees, so correcting the pay scale is a good place to start. The employees are also not concerned with the recruiting techniques. In the future after correcting the pay scale and making the pay more in-line with similar organizations Magic will look into other aspects of training for upward mobility. The next task was to identify Business Delivery needs. What I have chosen should boost morale throughout the department. Game credits will allow the developer to see that he or she is valued by the organization. It will also boost self-esteem and awareness of his or her skill in the industry. Personal projects will allow the developer to showcase his or her skills. This will allow him or her to flaunt the creative mind that he or she was hired for. Telecommuting opportunities in today’s industry is crucial to the success of an organization. As a gaming developer they need to feel comfortable when working. It may be feasible to offer telecommuting to the software and developer personnel. Telecommuting will allow for personal freedom to get the task completed in a timely manner. Developers and software personnel get burnout therefore it may be nice to offer a mini sabbatical. This will allow him or her time off to get things put in order. Time to get his or head in the right place is always a necessity. If allowed the mini sabbatical the employee will come back refreshed and invigorated full of new ideas. Compensation and benefits is an instant motivator for an employee. It would be a wise decision to structure pay and incentives around the type of job that is done by the employee for the organization. Spot performances, group incentives, individual incentives, and lump sum merit awards are the choices to support compensation and incentives. Magic has people that work as a part of a team and also individually therefore the pay, rewards, and incentives should be set up around the job title. The simulation has great ideas to correct the attrition problem however there are a few ideas that should be looked into. The first idea is the recruitment techniques. Magic has done the homework and analyzed the needs of the organization as well as the employee, putting this to use is the key to success. A recruitment plan to hire the best employee would include group or series interviewing techniques because this will allow for the organization to get a feel for the candidate and the candidate a feel for the people he or she would be working with. I would also recommend testing on the software the organization is currently using, because this will allow the organization to determine the individual skill level to complete the task. Once the person is hired it would be beneficial to sit with him or her at intervals along the way to determine if the organization is meeting his or her individual needs. At each interval the person is evaluated on his or her production and also areas are pointed out that need work. The employee will also be allowed time to give feedback to the organization. Magic Graffix is currently in a position to improve the way they utilize the employees. Magic is currently faced with trying to retain its employees as they are leaving for better jobs within the industry. Magic needs to make itself more competitive in the industry. Making the organization more competitive and offering key incentives will allow Magic to recruit the best candidates for the job.

Marketing is the delivery of standard of living Essay

This concept was originated by Paul Mazur. According to him, â€Å"Marketing is the delivery of standard of living.† Prof. McNair made an important amendment in the definition. According to him, â€Å"Marketing if the creation and delivery of standard of living to the society.† It is consumer –oriented concept. Producer tries to know the customers need and plan his production accordingly. Aggressive marketing technique is used to encourage the society to purchase new product. The availability of goods also increased. It is because of this concept that nowadays we are able to consume more quality product. Marketing is one of the terms in academia that does not have one commonly agreed upon definition. Even after a better part of a century the debate continues. In a nutshell it consists of the social and managerial processes by which products (goods or services) and value are exchanged in order to fulfill the needs and wants of individuals or groups. Although many people seem to think that â€Å"marketing† and â€Å"advertising† are synonymous, they are not. Advertising is simply one of the many processes that together constitute marketing, as suggested by the American Marketing Association, is â€Å"an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, communicating and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders†. Another definition, perhaps simpler and more universal, is this: â€Å"Marketing is the ongoing process of moving people closer to making a decision to purchase, use, follow†¦or conform to someone else’s products, services or values. Simply, if it doesn’t facilitate a â€Å"sale† then it’s not marketing.† Philip Kotler in his earlier books defines as: â€Å"Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes†. Add to Kotler’s and Norris’ definitions, a response from the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM). The association’s definition claims marketing to be the â€Å"management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer requirements profitably†. Thus, operative marketing involves the processes of market research, new product development, product life cycle management, pricing, channel management as well as promotion. Marketing-â€Å"taking actions  to define, create, grow, develop, maintain, defend and own markets†. An approach to business that seeks to identify, anticipate and satisfy customers needs. The role of marketing is to facilitate exchanges. Its essence is to create greater contentment and satisfaction by recognizing the preference structures of both parties and crafting the basis for exchanges. Marketing’s value to society is that it creates more efficient and effective interaction between and among individuals and organizations. Marketing is endemic to society. Whenever there is an exchange or an attempted exchange of something of value for something else of value, the marketing process is at work. The process of marketing pre-dates written history, where individuals bartered goods and services in exchange for other goods and services to produce a more satisfying life than one they could produce for themselves. Five conditions must be met for an exchange to take place: 1.There is at least two parties. 2. Each party has something that might be of value to the other party. 3. Each party is capable of communication and delivery. 4. Each party is free to accept or reject the offer. 5. Each party believes it is appropriate or desirable to deal with the other party. These five conditions are inherent in ancient markets, where farmers and craftsmen brought their produce and wares to a central market. So too it applies to today’s flea markets, garage sales and ebay transactions. It also applies to the sophisticated supply chains necessary to stock a Wal-Mart store or build a missile system for the military. Marketing is pervasive in all human endeavors. Most human interaction requires an understanding of the other party’s perspective in order to have a productive relationship. Therefore the principles of marketing are applied in both for-profit and not-for-profit settings, including the marketing of places, causes, events, organizations, and persons. For simplicity of  presentation in this book, we will refer to the parties in the exchanges as buyers and sellers to represent a commercial transaction between a producer and a customer, even though some exchanges are not commercial and both parties are technically buyers and sellers. Marketing is the creation of utility? Discuss†¦ Marketing seeks to satisfy the needs of people (customers or the market) (creating a sense of usefulness or utility) through the exchange process. Marketing refers to channeling the gap between service and product providers to service and product seekers also known as a way of satisfying needs. The marketing Mix or the â€Å"4 P’s† are: product place promotion price The concept of â€Å"4p’s† is replaced by the concept of â€Å"7 p’s† they are product price place promotion people positioning packaging These are employed to satisfy a target market’ or target demographic (the pool of potential customers). Example: Product: Procter and Gamble introduces new toothpaste designed to taste good and fight cavities. Logo and packaging designed in bright colors to appeal to kids of elementary school age to encourage more tooth brushing. Price: $2.00, and discounted by means of coupons Promotion: television and radio commercials, magazine and newspaper ads, and a website; these use bright colors and happy music, perhaps an animated cartoon character for a fun and family-friendly attitude Place (or  distribution): Supermarkets, drugstores, discount stores such as Wal-Mart Target demographic: Mothers with kids who make toothpaste buying decisions for the family (advertising could be shown on children’s programming, prompting kids to ask parents to buy the toothpaste) Creating utility: The American Heritage Dictionary defines utility as â€Å"the quality or condition of being useful†. Utility is further defined as any quality and/or status that provide a product with the capability to satisfy the consumer’s wants and needs. Marketing is responsible for creating most of a product’s inherent utility. There are four basic types of utility: Form utility: production of the good or service, driven by the marketing function. For example, Procter and Gamble turns raw ingredients and chemicals into toothpaste. Place utility: making the product available where customers will buy the product. Procter and Gamble secures shelf space for the toothpaste at a wide variety of retailers including supermarkets and drugstores. Time utility: making the product available when customers want to buy the product. The U.S. drugstore chain Walgreens has many locations open 24 hours a day, and since the 1990’s has placed most of their newer stores at major intersections. Possession utility: once you have purchased the product, you have rights to use the product as intended, or (in theory) for any use you would like. A fifth type of utility is often defined along with the above four types: Image utility: the satisfaction acquired from the emotional or psychological meaning attached to products. Some people pay more for toothpaste perceived to be more effective at fighting cavities and whitening teeth. Process creates utility: The exchange process is the process by which two or more parties give something of value to each other to satisfy the perceived needs. The marketer (a company like Procter and Gamble) offers goods and services desired by the market (the pool of potential customers). In return, the market (the customer) gives back something of value to the marketer, generally money. Both ends receive something of value in the exchange process. The marketer makes money and the  customer receives goods, services, or ideas that satisfy their needs. The exchange process is the origin of marketing. The process creates utility. For an exchange to occur: Both parties must have something of value to exchange. Both parties need to be able to communicate. Procter and Gamble (P&G), for example, must have money to purchase advertising space. Both parties must be able to exchange. The toothpaste, in some cases, must be approved by the FDA in order for it to be sold. The customer must be able to buy the product with his or her money, and have access to a retail store where the product is sold to be able to buy it. Both parties must want to exchange. At least two parties are needed for an exchange to occur.

Neoliberalism on the Market and Private Interests

Neoliberalism on the Market and Private Interests Introduction In the last twenty years of the 20th century and the previous decades since World War II there was a dramatic difference and it was not uncommon to give details of the last twenty years of capitalism as neoliberalsm. During the change between the 1970s and 1980s the functioning of capitalism was deeply transformed both within countries of the center and in the periphery. The earlier capitalist configuration was often referred to as Keynesian compromise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Neoliberalism as the Ideology of the Market and Private Interests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such years could be characterized in the center countries like United States, Europe, and China by large growth rates sustained technological change, an increase in purchasing power and development of a welfare system concerning in particular health and retirement and low unemployment rates. The situation deteriorated during t he 1970s as the world economy in the wake of the decline of the profit rate entered a structural crisis. Its main aspects were diminished growth rates, a wave of unemployment, and cumulative inflation. This was when the new social order, neoliberalsm emerged, first within the countries of the center beginning with the United Kingdom and the United States and then gradually exported to the end. The nature of neoliberalsm was explored and its balance sheet after nearly a quarter of a century. Neoliberalsm was often described as the ideology of the market and private interests as opposed to state intervention. Although neoliberalism conveyed an ideology and a propaganda of its own, it was fundamentally a new social order in which the power and income of the upper fractions of ruling classes was reestablished in the wake of a setback. The conditions which accounted for the structural crisis were gradually superseded, as most of the world economy remained plagued by slow growth and unemp loyment, and inequality increased tremendously. This was the cost of a successful restoration of the income and wealth of the wealthiest (Brown). Thesis Statement Neoliberalism describes a market driven approach to economic and social policy based on economics neoclassical theories that stresses the efficiency of private enterprise, liberalized trade and relatively open markets, which seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. According to Larner (63) neoliberalism is used to describe an internationally prevailing ideological paradigm that leads to social, cultural, and political practices and policies that make the use of markets, efficiency, consumer choice, transactional thinking and individual autonomy to shift risk from governments and corporations onto individuals and to extend the market logic into the realm of social and affective relationships.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Neoliberalism transfers control of the economy from public to the private sector, in the sense that it will produce a more efficient government and improve the economic health of the nation. In the 1970s an economic systems that prevailed after the World War II dominating the non-economist global economy was referred to as embedded liberalism. At the end of the war, David Harvey postulates that the main agenda was to establish an economic plan wary of preventing a recurrence of the great depression witnessed in the 1930s. Pegging the fixed exchange on the US dollars convertibility at fixed price into gold, Harvey further assured that the new system would be greatly regulated and secure. Fixed exchange rates were incompatible with free flows of capital. Harvey argues that embedded liberalism led to the surge of economic prosperity that came to define the 1950s and 1960s (Prasad 328). The free market policies of reform were favored in the 1980s, due to curtailed state intervention by political intervention as the decade came to a close after the collapse of the Communist bloc and the dire economic crisis of the 1980s. Between 1970 and 1980 changes begun to take shape when majority of world governments democratically focused on the roles of governments in regulating relative free trade, rules of law, and economic individual rights. The market became more important when governments through organized labour groups adopted much stronger stances in counteracting trade barriers, eventually reducing government intervention. Therefore industries increasingly shifted globally with integrated knowledge boosting the economy (Campbell and Ove 288). The desire for hemisphere integration to improve economic well-being of the people reflects the need for understanding free trade as a human right. Primary in their agenda was to protect human rights, promote good governance and strengthe n representative democracy. In turn, greater economic opportunities would be created leading to prosperity and achieving the social justice of human potential. From the above, reflection, the development of human rights therefore necessitates the integration of markets The World War II paved way for the Stalinists to maintain control over China. This was however, not a lasting regime as battles regained the cities that were under their rule. Opposition was imminent despite the Stalinists’ â€Å"democratic† reform and agrarian movement especially as they concentrated their energy in opposing the Chiang’s Kuomintang regime. Close to two decades later, the capitalist press does not recognize the rise of the working-class across major cities. The class polarization process is made worse by the rejuvenation of the Chinese working-class coupled with increased infiltration of the face of the country by pent-up forces of civil war.Advertising We will write a cus tom essay sample on Neoliberalism as the Ideology of the Market and Private Interests specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Chinese industry was paralyzed by the capitulation of Japan; with majority of Shanghai factories closing down and suspended operations by plants internally. The Chinese proletariat was dealt another blow as their economic position was under threat due to the business failures. The social counter-revolution after the Maoist-Stalinisr bureaucratic change in the last two decades allowed for a shift to capitalism from central planning. The beneficiaries of the transformation were undoubtedly the bourgeoisie both within China and in the global arena. 1949 witnessed the Chinese revolution forces achieve the class balance of international forces (Johannes and Jacques 69). As a result of blurred market and social values, the revival of class rules the social rekindling of neoliberalism. Considered as a domino-effect, neoliberali sm on one end could not be controlled once the private sector is honoured with a publicly-owned industry. Because of reduced regulation and government interference, a publicly-owned industry in the hands of the private sector cannot be monitored to measure the influence by the owners to fit into their economic benefits. In a similar manner, governments that adopted neoliberal policies proceeded to model and expand them in pursuit of the expected positive benefit. As such, in the equation of current era of market globalization, where neoliberalism was considered a constant, and an economic benefit although it varied depending on the geographic location. China’s neoliberals counter revolution The historical trajectory led up to china’s capitalist form of engagement with the neoliberal counter revolution. In 1949, immense pressure leveled against the Maoist state sensing the wave of revolution that was approaching was forced into providing great social improvements to cat er for the communities’ housing, educational standards, healthcare, and poverty situations. Consequently, the regime went ahead and adopted socialistic policies by nationalizing the land, a move that received little oppositions from the public; despite occasional land privatization cases due to partial land reforms while the government remained as the chief owner of national land. According to Lenin land nationalization does not in itself constitute a barrier to capitalism. The move to attempt reversing the land tenure policies despite representing a perfect from of capitalism was an impossible task for the skeptics. However, the policies remained unchanged considering China’s economic foundations that were grounded on centralized planning and nationalized property dictated by the narrow national-bureaucratic limits.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the Chinese masses resorted to the prevailing Stalinism policies and rules that featured absence of social safety net and extreme manpower exploitation, in addition to absent elementary democratic rights and police terror. Unlike other ex-Communist states, China is considered more integrated into the capital world. Foreign capitalists today control a quarter of China’s industrial production (Johannes and Jacques 76). Central planning was not allowed to take center stage by the capitalist nature of renationalization. The now powerful capitalist economic foundations common within China could entirely be brought down by a massive revolutionary force of direly oppressed peasants and workers, despite the economic foundations’ close ties with global capitalism. The process of counter revolution in China has been complex and sometimes extremely contradictory. It is only through a new proletarian social revolution that China’s capitalist counter-revolution can be reversed as a qualitative change that manages to expropriate foreign capitalists and Chinese, who are the main beneficiaries of an overthrown present state. The Chinese experience is one of shifting from one national policy to the other; with the outstanding Chinese peculiar type having been fully restored. The restoration commenced in 1970s when the search for an exit from the economic and political crisis prompted the Stalinist regime in an empirical reflex exercised the civil war elements inherited from the Maoists. The initial stages of the empirical reflex strategy sought through Stalinist state-owned economy, customize some market mechanisms. But such processes have logic of their own especially given the delay of the world socialist revolution, the crisis and collapse of Stalinism worldwide, and the ferocious acceleration of neo liberal globalization (Larner 67). In the present state of uncertainty and political flux, the influence that the Stalinists enjoy is the mai n focus, after their abandonment for the proletariat 19 years ago in a revolutionary defeat. In an attempt to increase their social base, the Stalinists are targeting the revival of the labour movement. Additionally, the move in strategic sector of the economy, will also avail an opportunity to convince the ‘national’ bourgeoisie of their capabilities to maintain the status of social status and furthermore open a road towards a peaceful capitalist development. However, the role of Stalinists in China just like any other part of the world is to hamper with the process of revolutionary movement, and instead revert back to class collaboration (Larner 72). In conclusion existing Chinese state cannot be reformed in any fundamental way to serve the masses interests; instead in reflection the common traits of most capitalist states, China attends entirely to the ruling class. A working class should be implemented to replace the existing ruling-class-oriented capitalist China t hrough organized institutions, revolutionary party, factory committees, and workers’ councils. Brown, Wendy. Neoloberalism and the End of Liberal Democracy in Edgework: critical essays on knowledge and politics Princeton University Press, 2005, ch 3. Campbell, John L., and Ove K. Pedersen, eds. The Rise of Neoliberalism and Institutional Analysis Princeton University Press: London, 2001. P. 288 Harvey, David. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press: Oxford. 2005 Johannes Dragsbaek S. and Jacques Hersh, Neoliberal globalization: Workfare without welfare, Globalizations, 1474-774X, Vol. 3 (1), 2006, Pp. 69 – 89. Larner, Wendy. Neo-liberalism: policy, ideology, governmentality, Studies in political economy, 2000, p. 63-72. Prasad, Monica. The Politics of Free Markets: The Rise of Neoliberal Economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany and the United States. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2006. P. 328.

An Evolution of the Human Brain

An Evolution of the Human Brain Human organs, much like the human heart, have changed and evolved over the history of time. The human brain is no exception to this natural phenomena. Based on Charles Darwins idea of Natural Selection, species that had larger brains capable of complex functioning seemed to be a favorable adaptation. The ability to take in and understand new situations proved invaluable to the survival of Homo sapiens. Some scientists believe that as the environment on Earth evolved, humans did as well. The ability to survive these environmental changes was directly due to the size and function of the brain to process the information and act upon it. Early Human Ancestors During the reign of the Ardipithecus Group of human ancestors, brains were very similar in size and function to those of a chimpanzee. Since the human ancestors of that time (about 6 million to 2 million years ago) were more ape-like than human, the brains needed to still function like that of a primate. Even though these ancestors tended to walk upright for at least part of the time, they did still climb and live in the trees, which requires a different set of skills and adaptations than that of modern humans. The smaller size of the brain at this stage in human evolution was adequate for survival. Toward the end of this time period, the human ancestors began figuring out how to make very primitive tools. This allowed them to begin hunting larger animals and increase their protein intake. This crucial step was necessary for brain evolution since the modern human brain requires a constant source of energy to keep functioning at the rate it does. 2 million to 800,000 Years Ago Species of this time period began moving to different places across the Earth. As they moved, they encountered new environments and climates. In order to process and adapt to these climates, their brains began to get bigger and perform more complex tasks. Now that the first of the human ancestors had begun to spread out, there was more food and room for each species. This led to an increase in both body size and brain size of the individuals. Human ancestors of this time period, like the Australopithecus Group and the Paranthropus Group, became even more proficient in tool making and got a command of fire to help keep warm and cook food. An increase in brain size and function required a more diverse diet for these species and with these advances, it was possible. 800,000 to 200,000 Years Ago Over these years in the history of the Earth, there was a large climatic shift. This caused the human brain to evolve at a relatively rapid pace. Species that could not adapt to the shifting temperatures and environments quickly went extinct. Eventually, only Homo sapiens from the Homo Group remained. The size and complexity of the human brain allowed individuals to develop more than just primitive communication systems. This allowed them to work together to adapt and stay alive. Species whose brains were not large or complex enough went extinct. The different parts of the brain, since it was now large enough to not only accommodate instincts necessary for survival but also more complex thoughts and feelings, were able to differentiate and specialize in various tasks. Parts of the brain were designated for feelings and emotion while others stayed with the task of survival and autonomous life functions. The differentiation of the parts of the brain allowed humans to create and understand languages to communicate more effectively with others.

Chinas Economy Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chinas Economy Today - Essay Example The thesis statement must be succinctly identified and explicitly stated in the last sentence of the introductory paragraph (like for instance: The purpose of the essay is, therefore, to describe China’s economy today.) It is commendable that sub-headings were structured to clearly divide topics being discussed; To answer the question on the roles of the state and non-state sectors, the author effectively explained the specific sectors, with the provision of relevant statistics prior to identifying the roles. However, under the sub-headings, further classifications could enhance clarity of the issues being discussed (for example under Private Sector and Market Economy, there could be further classifications such as Definition of Terms, Historical Overview or Timeline, and Statistics, as appropriate); The facts and information, especially statistics were relevant and updated. The use of predominantly online sources focusing on publications and periodicals could still be improve d by searching for academic sources from peer-reviewed journals or even books. Improvement in citations and referencing could still be made by reviewing the consistency of the footnotes and numbering; as well as in providing a Reference List at the end of the essay. The contents effectively addressed the chosen questions. The essay could still be improved by citing more academic sources, reviewing the consistency of citations and referencing, and in following other formal rules in essay writing such as the use of acronyms, among others.

Fraud and Cyber Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fraud and Cyber Terrorism - Research Paper Example When implemented proactively to identify unknown fraud, it depicts laser-like precision that allows for much more efficient investigation. (Sanjay Goel. 2010). Cyber terrorism is the act of illegally accessing computers and information chiefly via the internet to create physical harm or severe disturbance of infrastructure. Cyberterrorism could scholarly be defined as â€Å"The premeditated use of disruptive activities, or the threat thereof, against computers and/or networks, with the intention to cause harm or further social, ideological, religious, political or similar objectives or to intimidate any person in furtherance of such objectives.† Agencies that deal with fraud such as Interpol and the FBI are doing a great job in fighting against cyber terrorism. Interpol on its part is assisting all the member countries and training their personnel to equip themselves with the current trends and forms of fighting cyber terrorism. The Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Crime, which is the first international treaty for fighting against computer crime, is the product of 4 years work by experts from the 45 member and non-member states that include Japan, USA, and Canada. The treaty has already imposed after its endorsement by Lithuania on 21st of March 2004. (Achkoski, J., & Dojchinovski, M. 2011) With the ever-changing trends in the cyber technology sector, there are no foolproof methods to protect a system. To say that you have a completely secure system, then it means that it can never be accessed by anyone. Even in most military set up, top secret information is kept on servers with no outside connection as a form of deterrence of cyber terrorism. Another common way that cyber terrorism can be avoided apart from such isolation is encryption.